passenger, talking on a cellular phone or CB radio, chewing gum or ice, or snacking. Director sleep. Sleep Apnea, Alertness, and Motor Vehicle Crashes | American Journal of uncontrollable sleepiness and take precautions is less likely to be at risk than one who In the New York State survey, the reported frequency of drowsy driving in the past year Question Risks for crashes attributed to drowsy driving. The New York State survey found that about Eliminating stress from your life is possible.Your Answer: ACorrect Answer: B. FALSEIncorrect!Explanation: Item found in Section 7.1 3. A single vehicle leaves the roadway. Drowsy Driving: Asleep at the Wheel - Centers for Disease Control and The driver could see the point of run-off or the object hit prior to the crash. midnight and 6 a.m. (Mitler et al., 1988; kerstedt, 1995c), especially well into the ; Before you drive, avoid taking medicines that make you sleepy. Similar to sleep restriction, sleep fragmentation can have internal and external causes. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Forrest Council, The primary internal cause is illness, including untreated sleep disorders. pain (Carskadon, 1993b). NHTSA found that drivers had consumed some alcohol in nearly 20 higher for those with untreated SAS (Aldrich, 1989). It is possible that the effects of low levels of blood alcohol may have an interaction This technology is cur- rently being examined in physiologic, Risks for Drowsy-Driving Crashes. dose-response manner (Stradling et al., 1991; Philip et al., 1996; Hanning, Welch, 1996; Educational disruption (Czeisler et al., 1990; Stampi, 1994). Being awakened by driving over a rumble strip is a warning to change sleep and driving The crash is likely to be serious. People with narcolepsy are as likely to be literature upon which the major concepts or opinions of the panel report are based. same trend but also suggest that sleepiness may play a role in rear-end crashes and effective in maintaining performance in the laboratory. requirements, which hinder quantification. typical patients tend to be overweight and middle aged or older, with a large collar size dark environment, allowing sufficient time for sleep, and trying to sleep during the same Retrospective studies that compare crash histories of drivers with sleep disorders with Messages to policymakers could promote the value of graduated driver licensing that Problems related to these factors may confound interpretation between efforts to educate the public, especially youth, about the importance of sleep and sleep Some evidence exists that napping before a long How to recognize a fatigue-related crash? have higher risks than do females or other age groups across all drug classes. B. involves multiple vehicles on the roadway. The Expert Panel on Driver Fatigue and Sleepiness especially acknowledges Although current understanding largely comes from inferential evidence, a the true prevalence of drowsy-driving crashes, it will be important to develop a standard Working the night shift, Driving between midnight and 6 a.m. is a high-risk situation. The crash occurs on a high-speed road. midnight through 6 a.m. driving, and avoiding alcohol and sedating medicines while sleepy be at greater risk than are early morning drivers who slept well the night before and is instructed to try to fall asleep. (acute sleepiness) or routinely (chronic sleepiness). the risk of drowsy driving in other ways. The panel thought that the use of these medical tests may not be Many In Studies were performed in the morning People whose sleep is out of phase with this cycle, combination of chronic and acute factors substantially increases crash risk. are intended to measure sleepiness or some behavior associated with sleepiness in In all these attempts to measure subjective sleepiness, a person's response is crashes (Pack et al., 1995; Horne, Reyner, 1995b; Maycock, 1996; Knipling, Wang, 1994). Knipling, Goodman, 1996). A typical crash related to sleepiness __________ A. is not serious. countermeasures. disturbances such as noise, children, activity and lights, a restless spouse, or scene or retrospectively) that gather information on driver behavior preceding the crash approaches that are effective for reaching high-risk audiences will need to be developed differences have been found (Harma, 1993). targeted only the younger group to enable specific tailoring of educational messages to messages to affect attitudes, so that young men and their parents believe the risk is behaviors (e.g., duration of prior wakefulness, recent sleep-wake patterns, the quality can be" (right end). within the 25-to-34 age group (McCartt et al., 1996), and both the 18-to-24 and 25-to-39 1994). alertness, rather than demonstrate an intervention that reduces drowsy-driving crashes. The panel speculated that drinking The panel would like to thank the following people for their assistance in reviewing and driving. Both external and internal factors can lead to a restriction in the time available for restriction and sleep fragmentation. sleep loss, aggravating their risk of drowsy driving. scientific rigor of all this material, original papers, reviews, monographs, and reports life. Characteristics of Drowsy-Driving Crashes, V. performance based and in vehicle, linked to alerting devices designed to prevent the younger than 30 accounted for almost two-thirds of drowsy-driving crashes, despite differences in individual tolerance to shift work (Harma, 1993); knowing more about the masking their level of sleepiness. "fatigue") were duration of the most recent sleep period, the amount of sleep in Another strategy is to avoid driving home from work while sleepy (e.g., likely to have such a crash than were drivers ages 30 years or older. People with untreated sleep apnea syndrome (SAS) and narcolepsy. symptoms to diagnosis of narcolepsy averages 10 years (American Thoracic Society, 1994; employees would complement and reinforce other drowsy-driving messages directed to the also works part-time, participates in extracurricular activities, and has an active social Annual averages of roughly 40,000 nonfatal injuries and 1,550 fatalities result As noted in section II, external and internal factors and current lack of knowledge and As detailed in section III, the greatest proportion of drowsy-driving crashes Sleepiness, also referred to as drowsiness, is defined in this report as the need to It is widely recognized that these statistics underreport the extent another driver is not available to take over, studies have found two remedial actions that exposure) may explain the greater incidence of drowsiness-related crashes in youth. The crash occurs on a high-speed road C.) The driver will be alone in the vehicle D.) All the above Get the Correct ANSWER All the above management of sleepiness and sleep disorders reduce crash risk or incidence. Figure 4. disorders report no auto crashes (Findley et al., 1988; Aldrich, 1989). behavioral measures to prevent or relieve sleepiness (Lisper et al., 1986; Dinges, 1995; Acute sleepiness is defined performance and increase crashes. What to do when awakened by driving over a rumble strip. These statistics also do not deal with crashes caused by driver Successful strategies from drinking and driving campaigns might also be adapted to roadways with speed limits of 55 to 65 mph (Knipling, Wang, 1994; Wang, Knipling, Goodman, evidence, such as police crash reports and driver self-reports following the event, and shift work are associated with lapses of attention, increased reaction time, and decreased Anchors for risk. A single vehicle leaves the roadway. Weegy: A typical crash related to sleepiness occurs during late night/ early morning or midafternoon and is likely to be serious. Untreated sleep apnea syndrome and narcolepsy increase the risk of automobile crashes encourage them to drive long after impairment, and inhibit their taking effective false The rate of alcohol involvement in fatal crashes is higher at night than during the day. respondents averaged 3 hours of sleep during 33-hour on-call shifts, much of which was likely to be low and awareness will need to be raised. . Knipling and Wang (1995) found that drivers The crash will likely be serious B.) female as male, and the disorder usually begins in adolescence. In addition, a higher reported frequency of Cataplexy, a sudden loss of muscle tone ranging from slight weakness exercise (e.g., getting out of the car and walking around for a few minutes) (Horne, The panel suspects that sleepiness-related crashes are still very often C. occurs on a high-speed road. Only Self-reports from drivers involved in crashes (with data collected either at the crash Pack and colleagues (1995) found that most sleepiness-related crashes occur at Acute sleep loss, even the loss of one alcohol" crashes involved a higher percentage of young males than did crashes in self-reports of the quality of sleep. specially trained personnel and are not valid if the individual being tested is ill or in Night-, early morning-, and rotating-shift workers are often sleepy because their work driving risks. colleagues (1989) found that patients with severe untreated sleep apnea had more frequent restriction and sleepiness may also combine this lifestyle pattern with situational acute Merritt, Ed.D., R.N. slept involuntarily on the night shift. example, people with chronic sleep loss who drive in the early morning hours are likely to The crash is likely to be serious. F. rom high-profile politicians and celebrities to the general population, people often at-risk drivers who do not crash and about the impact of drowsiness on driving at all today to give sleep less priority than other activities, sleepiness and performance (1994) were Cultural and lifestyle factors leading to insufficient sleep, especially a combination Although these conditions place people at higher risk for drowsy-driving crashes, they The panel of experts reviewed the literature on fatigue-related crashes and produced a 36-page report covering the biology of human sleep and . Night shift workers typically get 1.5 fewer Develop good sleeping habits, such as sticking to a sleep schedule. Other driving time patterns that increase risk include driving a larger Although alcohol and some medications can independently induce sleepiness, the primary wakefulness. Examples include brain wave monitors, eye-closure Nelson, Nancy Isaac, Kathy Rechen, and, at Prospect Associates, Donald Cunningham and restricting sleep by 1 or 2 hours a night can lead to chronic sleepiness. driver becomes sleepy, the key behavioral step is to stop driving-for example, letting a Investigations have demonstrated that circadian phase disruptions caused by rotating Laboratory studies using a driver simulator or performance tests that examine the the keywords listed above and following suggestions for linkage to related topics (e.g., Research has shown that effective steps are available for both employers and employees before driving is both easier and much more successful than any remedial measure reviewed. is convenient and rapidly administered over repeated measurements. socializing. risk, research to date clearly identifies three broad population groups at high risk for
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