We can write the changes for the Cs atom as (1) Cs (s) Cs (g); H sub = +79 kJ/mol (2) Cs (g) Cs (g); I 1 = +375.7 kJ/mol Though not commercially feasible, the ore can be directly reduced with potassium, sodium, or calcium in vacuum to produce caesium metal directly. You are not likely to experience any health effects that could be related to stable cesium itself. Caesium hydroxide is a very strong base, and will rapidly corrode glass. As a daughter product of fission bomb testing from the 1950s through the mid-1980s, caesium-137 was released into the atmosphere, where it was absorbed readily into solution. Water treatment plants are able to remove the precipitated metal carbonate and thus soften the water. Caesium-134, and to a lesser extent caesium-135, have also been used in hydrology to measure the caesium output by the nuclear power industry. [109], Caesium salts have been evaluated as antishock reagents following the administration of arsenical drugs. The function of a drilling fluid is to lubricate drill bits, to bring rock cuttings to the surface, and to maintain pressure on the formation during drilling of the well. 2004. To soften permanent water, sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) is added. Pure cesium metal is silvery white in color and very soft, but pure cesium is not expected to be found in the environment. Caesium (cesium in USA) metal reacts rapidly with water to form a colourless basic solution of caesium hydroxide (CsOH) and hydrogen gas (H2). The alkaline earth metals were precipitated either as sulfates or oxalates, leaving the alkali metal in the solution. Chemical element, symbol Cs and atomic number 55, It differs from this value in caesides, which contain the Cs. [12][94] Radioactive isotopes of caesium in radiation devices were used in the medical field to treat certain types of cancer,[95] but emergence of better alternatives and the use of water-soluble caesium chloride in the sources, which could create wide-ranging contamination, gradually put some of these caesium sources out of use. "[76] These clocks measure frequency with an error of 2 to 3parts in 1014, which corresponds to an accuracy of 2nanoseconds per day, or one second in 1.4millionyears. This can occur with other alkali metals, but caesium is so potent that this explosive reaction can be triggered even by cold water. It is an important commercial product and an intermediate in the purification of the element from the ores. [16], To obtain a pure sample of caesium, 44,000 litres (9,700impgal; 12,000USgal) of mineral water had to be evaporated to yield 240 kilograms (530lb) of concentrated salt solution. . If you were to breathe, eat, drink, touch, or come close to large amounts of radioactive cesium, cells in your body could become damaged from the radiation that might penetrate your entire body, much like x-rays, even if you did not touch the radioactive cesium. These cookies allow us to count visits and traffic sources so we can measure and improve the performance of our site. It is also well-documented that mushrooms from contaminated forests accumulate radiocaesium (caesium-137) in the fungal sporocarps. [12], Magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) power-generating systems were researched, but failed to gain widespread acceptance. This page examines the reactions of the Group 1 elements (lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium and cesium) with oxygen, and the simple reactions of the various oxides formed. This technique can form pyramids and regularly shaped etch pits for uses such as Microelectromechanical systems. How can I find the activation energy in potential energy diagrams? What reaction takes place between Cesium and water that makes it react [101][102] Nevertheless, field-emission electric propulsion thrusters that accelerate liquid metal ions such as caesium have been built. \(Be_{(s)}+2H_{2}O_{(l)} \longrightarrow\), \(Ne_{(g)}+2H_{2}O_{(l)} \longrightarrow\), \(Cl_{2\;(g)}+2H_{2}O_{(l)} \longrightarrow\), \(Li_2O_{(s)}+2H_{2}O_{(l)} \longrightarrow\), Metal oxides form basic solutions in water. Leaching with water or dilute ammonia (NH4OH) yields a dilute chloride (CsCl) solution. sodium + water sodium hydroxide + hydrogen. Some regulations and recommendations for cesium include the following: There are few guidelines for compounds of stable cesium. [96][97] Caesium-137 has been employed in a variety of industrial measurement gauges, including moisture, density, levelling, and thickness gauges. [69], The price of 99.8% pure caesium (metal basis) in 2009 was about $10 per gram ($280/oz), but the compounds are significantly cheaper. For more information, call the ATSDR Information Center at 1-800-232-4636. \(Cl_{2\;(g)}+2H_{2}O_{(l)} \longrightarrow HOCl_{(aq)} + H^+_{(aq)} + Cl^-_{(aq)}\), \(Li_2O_{(s)}+2H_{2}O_{(l)} \longrightarrow 2LiOH_{(aq)}\), Trevor Landas (University of California, Davis). Reaction of Superoxides with water: In this reaction, a solution of the metal hydroxide and hydrogen peroxide is formed, but oxygen gas is also generated. From this mixture, the lithium was precipitated by ammonium carbonate. The equation for the formation of the simple oxide is analogous to the lithium equation: \[ 4Na + O_2 \rightarrow 2Na_2O \label{3}\], \[ 2Na + O_2 \rightarrow Na_2O_2 \label{4}\]. Here's a video showing the reaction of Cs with water. Identification Product Name Caesium hydroxide hydrate Cat No. All information these cookies collect is aggregated and therefore anonymous. Historically, the most important use for caesium has been in research and development, primarily in chemical and electrical fields. The compound reacts violently with water, yielding caesium hydroxide, metallic gold, and hydrogen gas; in liquid ammonia it can be reacted with a caesium-specific ion exchange resin to produce tetramethylammonium auride. The discovered haematococcus strains were successful in the removal of up to 50 % of radioactive cesium from low-level contaminated water containing 5 Bq/ ml initial concentration. Group 13 elements are not very reactive with water. But corrosion by caesium on spacecraft components has pushed development in the direction of inert gas propellants, such as xenon, which are easier to handle in ground-based tests and do less potential damage to the spacecraft. Studies utilizing metal oxides adsorbents such as titanium oxide are well documented [32], [33], . We also acknowledge previous National Science Foundation support under grant numbers 1246120, 1525057, and 1413739. Potassium, rubidium, and caesium form insoluble salts with chloroplatinic acid, but these salts show a slight difference in solubility in hot water, and the less-soluble caesium and rubidium hexachloroplatinate ((Cs,Rb)2PtCl6) were obtained by fractional crystallization. It has a particularly convenient Feshbach spectrum to enable studies of ultracold atoms requiring tunable interactions. Caesium monoxide - Wikipedia Division of Toxicology and Human Health Sciences So the activation energy for Cs is the lowest, mainly because of its low ionization energy. This page titled Reactions of Group I Elements with Oxygen is shared under a CC BY-NC 4.0 license and was authored, remixed, and/or curated by Jim Clark. The latest versions are more accurate than 1 part in 1015, about 1 second in 20million years. You must also consider the other chemicals you're exposed to and your age, sex, diet, family traits, lifestyle, and state of health. Electrons in the peroxide ion will be strongly attracted toward the positive ion. Find another reaction Thermodynamic properties of substances The solubility of the substances Periodic table of elements Picture of reaction: oding to search: Cs2O + H2O = 2 CsOH In the two-electrode vacuum tube converter, caesium neutralizes the space charge near the cathode and enhances the current flow. People who work in industries that process or use natural cesium or cesium compounds can be exposed to higher-than-normal levels of cesium. When you eat, drink, breathe, or touch things containing cesium compounds that can easily be dissolved in water, cesium enters your blood and is carried to all parts of your body. Reactions of Group I Elements with Oxygen - Chemistry LibreTexts As in all equations, it is important they be balanced out. \[\ce{I2(g) + 2H2O(l) HI(aq) + HOI(aq)}\]. Cesium is a very reactive metal. 12H2O). Cesium forms a number of mercury amalgams. We take your privacy seriously. Both the curie (Ci) and the becquerel (Bq) describe the rate of decay and tell us how much a radioactive material decays every second. It exhibits polarity and is naturally found in the liquid, solid, and vapor states. Cerium(IV) oxide, also known as ceric oxide, ceric dioxide, ceria, cerium oxide or cerium dioxide, is an oxide of the rare-earth metal cerium. A common characteristic of most Alkali Metals is their ability to displace H2(g) from water. Bromine liquid dissolves slowly in water to form a yellowish-brown solution. In fact, boron (B) does not react at with water. Cerium(III) oxide, also known as cerium oxide, cerium trioxide, cerium sesquioxide, cerous oxide or dicerium trioxide, is an oxide of the rare-earth metal cerium. [72] In 1882, he produced caesium metal by electrolysing caesium cyanide, avoiding the problems with the chloride.[74]. What recommendations has the federal government made to protect human health? Radiocaesium does not accumulate in the body as readily as other fission products (such as radioiodine and radiostrontium). Balanced equation for reaction (smallest integer coefficients): + Name of base: With the exception of beryllium (Be), the alkaline metal hydrides react with water to produce the metal hydroxide and hydrogen gas. Sodium carbonate precipitates out the Mg+2 and Ca+2 ions out as the respective metal carbonates and introduces Na+ ions into the solutions. The two accidents occurred in Windscale, England in 1957 and Chernobyl, Russia in 1986. [108] Caesium metal has also been considered as the working fluid in high-temperature Rankine cycle turboelectric generators. Permanent hard water contains bicarbonate ions (HCO3-) as well as other anions such as sulfate ions (SO4-2). The most common radioactive form of cesium is Cs-137. The resulting solution is basic because of the dissolved hydroxide. and in x-ray phosphors. Potassium, rubidium and cesium form superoxides, \(XO_2\). Alkali metals react with oxygen to form monoxides, peroxides, or superoxides. Small pieces of sodium burn in air with a faint orange glow. They are stored either in a vacuum or in an inert gas such as argon and the tubes must be broken open when the metal is used. This public health statement tells you about cesium and the effects of exposure. An empty tin can. [116] Radiocaesium follows potassium and tends to accumulate in plant tissues, including fruits and vegetables. Toxicological There are relatively few commercial uses for cesium metal and its compounds. These sites make up the National Priorities List (NPL) and are the sites targeted for long-term federal cleanup activities. It is also one of the byproducts of nuclear fission processes in nuclear reactors and nuclear weapons testing. [12], Caesium-based atomic clocks use the electromagnetic transitions in the hyperfine structure of caesium-133 atoms as a reference point. Because Cs-137 bonds with chlorides to make a crystalline powder, it reacts in the environment like table salt (sodium chloride): Small quantities of Cs-137 can be found in the environment from nuclear weapons and from nuclear reactor accidents. Animals given very large doses of cesium compounds have shown changes in behavior, such as increased activity or decreased activity, but it is highly unlikely that you would breathe, eat, or drink amounts of stable cesium large enough to cause similar effects. When a substance is released from a large area, such as an industrial plant, or from a container, such as a drum or bottle, it enters the environment. Compounds of nitrogen (nitrates and nitrites) as well as nitrogen gas (N2) dissolve in water but do not react. Recommendations provide valuable guidelines to protect public health but cannot be enforced by law. A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States. The most important factor is whether or not there has been recent fallout from a nuclear explosion such as a weapons test or an accident that has occurred at a nuclear power plant. Laboratories use special techniques to measure the amount of cesium in body fluids such as blood and urine, as well as in feces or other human samples. Now imagine bringing a small positive ion close to the peroxide ion. It is an orange solid. 4770 Buford Highway The two types of hard water include temporary hard water and permanent hard water. In order to soften the water, water treatment plants add an alkaline earth metal hydroxide, such as slake lime [Ca(OH)2]. strontium-90, cesium-137, and even plutonium - that the company said it would filter . caesium oxide caesium peroxide: Other cations. One curie is the amount of radioactive material in which 37 billion atoms transform every second; this is approximately equivalent to the radioactivity of 1 gram of radium. But people exposed to radioactive cesium that has been widely dispersed in air, water, soil, or foods following nuclear bombings or accidents have not been exposed to amounts large enough to cause the same effects. The half-life of 134Cs is about 2 years and the half-life of 137Cs is about 30 years. As long as there is enough oxygen, forming the peroxide releases more energy per mole of metal than forming the simple oxide. Research advances in nuclear wastewater treatment using conventional The NRC established guidelines for radioactive cesium that include occupational inhalation exposure Derived Air Concentrations (DACs) of 0.00000004 Ci/mL (4x10-8 Ci/mL) for 134Cs and 0.00000006 Ci/mL (6x10-8 Ci/mL) for 137Cs. Radioactive isotopes are constantly decaying or changing into different isotopes by giving off radiation. The halogen gases vary in their reactions with water due to their different electronegativities. The most basic oxide, as expected, is cesium oxide, amphoteric oxides have values near zero (water was chosen to calibrate the scale at a value of 0.0). Hypochlorous (\(\ce{HOCl}\)) acid is a strong bleaching agent and is not very stable in solution and readily decomcomposes, especially when exposed to sunlight, yielding oxygen. This section discusses potential health effects from exposures during the period from conception to maturity at 18 years of age in humans. Registry (ATSDR). It combines quickly with oxygen in the air and reacts violently with water. The sublimation energy (1) is the smallest of the alkali metals because the Cs atoms are the biggest. The products of this reaction include oxygen gas and hydrogen fluoride. In the same way, the aluminate, carbonate, or hydroxide may be reduced by magnesium. Plants and vegetation growing in or nearby contaminated soil may take up small amounts of Cs-137 from the soil. cesium oxide balanced equation Other industrial devicesthat measure the thickness of materials such as paper or sheets of metal. 2Cs (s) + 2HO (l) H (g) + 2Cs (aq) + 2OH (aq) The reaction is so explosive that it often shatters the container. At the top of the group, the small ions with a higher charge density tend to polarize the more complicated oxide ions to the point of disintegration. [113][114], The median lethal dose (LD50) for caesium chloride in mice is 2.3g per kilogram, which is comparable to the LD50 values of potassium chloride and sodium chloride. The fuel was ionized by contact with a charged tungsten electrode. Oxides of Group 1 elements also react with water to create basic solutions. Lithium also reacts with the nitrogen in the air to produce lithium nitride and is the only Group 1 element that forms a nitride: \[ 6Li + N_2 \rightarrow 2Li_3N \label{2}\]. You should understand that cesium only contributed a small fraction of the total radioactivity released following these events. Examples include phosphoric acid and sulfuric acid. [65], In 1860, Robert Bunsen and Gustav Kirchhoff discovered caesium in the mineral water from Drkheim, Germany. Reactions of Main Group Elements with Water - Chemistry LibreTexts This Public Health Statement is the summary chapter from the Toxicological Profile for cesium. However, radiocesium can enter plants upon falling onto the surface of leaves. . The amount of radioactive cesium in food and milk is highly dependent upon several factors. [12], The high density of the caesium formate brine (up to 2.3g/cm3, or 19.2pounds per gallon),[77] coupled with the relatively benign nature of most caesium compounds, reduces the requirement for toxic high-density suspended solids in the drilling fluida significant technological, engineering and environmental advantage. Radioactive forms of cesium are produced by the fission of uranium in fuel elements (fuel rods) during the normal operation of nuclear power plants, or when nuclear weapons are exploded. The process yielded 9.2 grams (0.32oz) of rubidium chloride and 7.3 grams (0.26oz) of caesium chloride from the initial 44,000litres of mineral water. [110], Nonradioactive caesium compounds are only mildly toxic, and nonradioactive caesium is not a significant environmental hazard. Internal exposure to Cs-137through ingestion or inhalationallows the radioactive material to be distributed in the soft tissues, especially muscle tissue,which increases cancer risk. This is because enough heat is given off during the exothermic reaction to ignite the H2(g). [note 6][70][71][72] Caesium was the first element to be discovered with a spectroscope, which had been invented by Bunsen and Kirchhoff only a year previously. [107] Caesium and rubidium have been added as a carbonate to glass because they reduce electrical conductivity and improve stability and durability of fibre optics and night vision devices. In reality, the product was probably a colloidal mixture of the metal and caesium chloride. You are unlikely to be exposed to high levels of radioactive cesium unless there is a fuel meltdown and accidental release at a nuclear power plant or a nuclear weapon has been detonated. Naturally-occurring cesium occurs in the environment mostly from the erosion and weathering of rocks and minerals. Because of its abundance on earth, it is important to note that it is involved in many chemical reactions. It takes less energy to get the atoms into the vapour phase. Phone: 1-800-CDC-INFO 888-232-6348 (TTY) Based on eye irritation, the NIOSH has established a recommended exposure limit (REL) for cesium hydroxide of 2 mg/m3 as a timeweighted average (TWA) for up to a 10-hour workday and a 40-hour workweek. Caesium oxide (IUPAC name) or cesium oxide describes inorganic compounds composed of caesium and oxygen. [88] Other uses of the metal include high-energy lasers, vapour glow lamps, and vapour rectifiers. Cesium | Public Health Statement | ATSDR - Centers for Disease Control General Chemistry: Principles & Modern Applications. The first accurate caesium clock was built by Louis Essen in 1955 at the National Physical Laboratory in the UK. Exceptionally pure and gas-free caesium can be produced by 390C (734F) thermal decomposition of caesium azide CsN3, which can be produced from aqueous caesium sulfate and barium azide. Caesium monoxide, (Cs2O), often simply Caesium oxide, is the simplest and most common oxide of the caesium. The radiological impacts in Europe from 137Cs and 134Cs released from the Chernobyl accident, however, were great. The general reaction of calcium, strontium, and barium with water is represented below, where M represents calcium, strontium, or barium: \[M_{(s)} + 2H_2O_{(l)} \longrightarrow M(OH)_{2(aq)}+H_{2\;(g)} \label{5}\]. [77] Caesium formate brine can be blended with potassium and sodium formates to decrease the density of the fluids to that of water (1.0g/cm3, or 8.3pounds per gallon). profile for cesium. In larger amounts, Cs-137 is used in: External exposure to large amounts of Cs-137 can cause burns, acute radiation sickness and even death. . \[\ce{Cl2(g) + 2H2O(l) HCl(aq) + HOCl(aq)}\]. Cesium (chemical symbol Cs) is a soft, flexible, silvery-white metal that becomes liquid near room temperature, but easily bonds with chlorides to create a crystalline powder. solid cesium reacts with solid cesium nitrite to form solid cesium oxide and nitrogen gas. from Wikipedia. The hardening species often cannot be boiled off. Radioactive decay decreases the concentration of 134Cs and 137Cs. Thank you for taking the time to confirm your preferences. How can I draw an elementary reaction in a potential energy diagram? The exception to this general assumption is beryllium, whose oxide (BeO) does not react with water. [86], The element is used as an internal standard in spectrophotometry. After conversion to the nitrates and extraction with ethanol, a sodium-free mixture was obtained. [75] Applications for nonradioactive caesium included photoelectric cells, photomultiplier tubes, optical components of infrared spectrophotometers, catalysts for several organic reactions, crystals for scintillation counters, and in magnetohydrodynamic power generators. Only a little iodine dissolves in water to form a yellowish solution and hypoiodous (\(\ce{HOI}\)) acid has very weak bleaching characteristic. The hydroxide ions combine with the bicarbonate ions in the water to produce water and a carbonate ion. Federal agencies that develop regulations for toxic substances include the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), and the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (USNRC). [83] The range of photoemissive devices using caesium include optical character recognition devices, photomultiplier tubes, and video camera tubes. Group 1 - chemical reactions with water - BBC Bitesize Cesium oxide react with water Cs 2 O + H 2 O 2CsOH [ Check the balance ] Cesium oxide react with water to produce cesium hydroxide. Cesium Oxide | AMERICAN ELEMENTS Solved Metal oxides can react with water to form bases. | Chegg.com (2) Cs(g) Cs(g); #I_1# = +375.7 kJ/mol No known taste or odor is associated with cesium compounds. Its advantages include a half-life of roughly 30 years, its availability from the nuclear fuel cycle, and having 137Ba as a stable end product. How can I draw a simple energy profile for an exothermic reaction in which 100 kJ mol-1 is Why is the respiration reaction exothermic? Its reduced derivative . One of the most familiar alkaline earth metal oxides is CaO or quicklime. A lock (LockA locked padlock) or https:// means youve safely connected to the .gov website. Cookies used to enable you to share pages and content that you find interesting on CDC.gov through third party social networking and other websites. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry [Cs 6 O] coordination polyhedra are shown as grey transparent octahedra. Small pieces of potassium heated in air melt and convert instantly into a mixture of potassium peroxide and potassium superoxide without a visible flame. Chamblee, GA 30341-3717 Lithium (and to some extent sodium) form simple oxides, \(X_2O\), which contain the common \(O^{2-}\) ion . Cookies used to make website functionality more relevant to you. The level of cesium in air and water is generally very low. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) cannot attest to the accuracy of a non-federal website. Laws today protect the welfare of research animals, and scientists must comply with strict animal care guidelines. Natural cesium is present in the environment in only one stable form, as the isotope 133Cs. This information is important because this substance may harm you. Reactivity increases as you go down the group; the less reactive metals (lithium, sodium and potassium) are stored in oil (because of its density, lithium floats in oil, but because it is less reactive than the other metals in the group, the thin coating of oil that results is sufficient to prevent reaction). This includes breast milk and pasteurized milk. Even though it has only a +1 charge, the lithium ion at the top of the group is very small small; therefore it has a high enough charge density that any peroxide ion near it breaks down into an oxide and an oxygen atom. Radioactive forms of cesium are unstable and eventually change into other more stable elements through the process of radioactive decay. Cesium compounds do not react violently with air or water and are generally very soluble in water. Regulations and recommendations can be expressed in not-to-exceed levels in air, water, soil, or food that are usually based on levels that affect animals; they are then adjusted to help protect people. Manfred Bick, Horst Prinz, "Cesium and Cesium Compounds" in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry 2005, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim. [12] Xenon was used in the experimental spacecraft Deep Space 1 launched in 1998. [5], Elemental magnesium reduces caesium oxide to elemental caesium, forming magnesium oxide as a side-product:[6][7]. Friestad, Gregory K.; Branchaud, Bruce P.; Navarrini, Walter and Sansotera, Maurizio (2007) "Cesium Fluoride" in, General Conference on Weights and Measures, International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, "NIST Radionuclide Half-Life Measurements", "History of the recommended atomic-weight values from 1882 to 1997: a comparison of differences from current values to the estimated uncertainties of earlier values", "C&EN: It's Elemental: The Periodic Table Cesium", "Density of melts of alkali metals and their Na-K-Cs and Na-K-Rb ternary systems", "A Basic Rule of Chemistry Can Be Broken, Calculations Show", "Caesium in high oxidation states and as a p-block element", "Forcing Cesium into Higher Oxidation States Using Useful hard x-ray Induced Chemistry under High Pressure", "Effects of relativistic motion of electrons on the chemistry of gold and platinum", "Single-atom electron energy loss spectroscopy of light elements", "The Crystal Structure of Cesium Monoxide", "Nucleosynthesis in Asymptotic Giant Branch Stars: Relevance for Galactic Enrichment and Solar System Formation", IEER Report: Transmutation Nuclear Alchemy Gamble, Chernobyl's Legacy: Health, Environmental and Socia-Economic Impacts and Recommendations to the Governments of Belarus, Russian Federation and Ukraine, "Transmutation of Cesium-137 Using Proton Accelerator", "Distribution of the elements in some major units of the Earth's crust", 10.1130/0016-7606(1961)72[175:DOTEIS]2.0.CO;2, "Cesium as a Raw Material: Occurrence and Uses", "The Tanco Pegmatite at Bernic Lake, Manitoba: X. Pollucite", "Lithium, cesium, and rubidiumThe rare alkali metals", "Cesium formate fluid succeeds in North Sea HPHT field trials", "Chemische Analyse durch Spectralbeobachtungen", "Ueber die Darstellung von Rubidium- und Csiumverbindungen und ber die Gewinnung der Metalle selbst", "Cesium Supplier & Technical Information", "The material flow of radioactive cesium-137 in the U.S. 2000", "IsoRay's Cesium-131 Medical Isotope Used In Milestone Procedure Treating Eye Cancers At Tufts-New England Medical Center", "Level and density measurement using non-contact nuclear gauges", "Isotope Tracers Project Resources on Isotopes Cesium", "A Synopsis of Ion Propulsion Development Projects in the United States: SERT I to Deep Space I", "Infrared illumination compositions and articles containing the same", "Accumulation of potassium, rubidium and caesium (, "IAEA director warns of 'dirty bomb' risk", View the reaction of Caesium (most reactive metal in the periodic table) with Fluorine (most reactive non-metal), https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caesium&oldid=1137590149, Chemical elements with body-centered cubic structure, Short description is different from Wikidata, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 5 February 2023, at 13:01.
Bergen County Clerk Cover Sheet, Aduana Ojinaga Permisos, Grand Duchess Elizabeth Feodorovna Tomb, Hcn Intermolecular Forces, Tyre Sampson Death Video, Articles C