Correspondence to An international comparison of age and sex dependency of COVID-19 deaths in 2020: a descriptive analysis, A population-based cohort study of socio-demographic risk factors for COVID-19 deaths in Sweden, Years of life lost to COVID-19 in 81 countries, Age-Period-Cohort Analysis of HIV Mortality in China: Data from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016, Disease and healthcare burden of COVID-19 in the United States, Impact of COVID-19 on older adults and role of long-term care facilities during early stages of epidemic in Italy, Global ecological analysis of COVID-19 mortality and comparison between the East and the West, Short- and medium-term impacts of strict anti-contagion policies on non-COVID-19 mortality in China, Age-specific mortality and immunity patterns of SARS-CoV-2, https://www.ibge.gov.br/en/statistics/social/population/18176-population-projection.html, https://opendatasus.saude.gov.br/nl/dataset, https://github.com/mcastrolab/Brazil-Covid19-e0-change/tree/main/data, https://github.com/mcastrolab/Brazil-Covid19-e0-change/tree/main/code, https://www.vitalstrategies.org/resources/excess-mortality-in-brazil-a-detailed-description-of-trends-in-mortality-during-the-covid-19-pandemic/, https://www.ssc.wisc.edu/cdha/latinmortality/wp-content/uploads/book_Ch2.pdf, https://biblioteca.ibge.gov.br/index.php/biblioteca-catalogo?id=297884&view=detalhes, https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.03.02.21252772, https://portal.fiocruz.br/sites/portal.fiocruz.br/files/documentos/boletim_covid_2021_extraordinario_maio.pdf, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/jan/14/brazil-manaus-amazonas-covid-coronavirus, https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.26.21252554v1, http://www.genomahcov.fiocruz.br/tabela-de-dados/, https://virological.org/t/first-reported-cases-of-sars-cov-2-sub-lineage-b-1-617-2-in-brazil-an-outbreak-in-a-ship-and-alert-for-spread/706, https://doi.org/10.1053/j.seminoncol.2020.12.002, https://www.ipea.gov.br/portal/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=37022&Itemid=448, https://blogdoibre.fgv.br/posts/auxilio-emergencial-faz-pobreza-cair-em-plena-pandemia, http://olheparaafome.com.br/VIGISAN_Inseguranca_alimentar.pdf, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/apr/27/brazil-begins-parliamentary-inquiry-into-bolsonaros-covid-response, Correlation between human development index and its components with COVID-19 indices: a global level ecologic study, Coronavirus disease-related in-hospital mortality: a cohort study in a private healthcare network in Brazil, The 90 plus: longevity and COVID-19 survival, Years of life lost during the Covid-19 pandemic in Sweden considering variation in life expectancy by level of geriatric care. Li, J., Nagamani, C. & Moore, J. S. Polymer mechanochemistry: from destructive to productive. This result suggests that most crosslinks had been hydrolyzed within 15h (Supplementary Fig. First, we obtained mid-year population projections for 20182020 and abridged life tables estimated for 20002020 by state, age and sex from the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatstica, or IBGE, in Portuguese) (https://www.ibge.gov.br/en/statistics/social/population/18176-population-projection.html). and M.I.J. States in the North and Northeast have the worst indicators of income inequality, poverty, access to infrastructure and availability of physicians and hospital beds12,13. Closed-loop chemical recycling via depolymerization to monomer is also not currently feasible for these superabsorbent materials because side-chain degradation outcompetes depolymerization. However, in the presence of COVID-19, this assumption might not hold because deaths were unevenly distributed over the year. C.M.T. 5). Numbers above 100 indicate more deaths in 2021 than 2020. Degrad. At each time point, the maximum specific energy (wmax) was calculated using the maximum power drawn from the outlet and the mass of added PAA (Supplementary Information pg S3), and the molar masses were determined using size-exclusion chromatography. Technical Assistance Projects (all subprogrammes): 22 September (5 p.m.). Google Scholar. Ranzani, O. T. et al. Experimentally, a plateau is observed in the plot of weight-average molar mass (Mw) versus sonication time. Nuzzo, J. Pereira, A. K., Oliveira, M. S. & Sampaio, T. S. Heterogeneidades das polticas estaduais de distanciamento social diante da COVID-19: aspectos polticos e tcnico-administrativos. MRS Bull. To obtain March 2, 2023 - 6:00AM. Also, the states with extreme values changed only for e65 for both sexes, with the lowest shifting from Roraima in 2019 to Amazonas in 2020. For candidates working in person or remotely in the below locations, the salary* range for this specific position is $72,960 to $131,328. The resulting polymers were isolated in ~97% yield (over the two steps). Together, the United States and Brazil account for 28% of the worlds death toll and 59% of the death toll in the Americas. Philos. performed the life cycle assessments mentored by J.A. wrote the first draft of the manuscript. Combined, these data indicate that open-loop recycling of the superabsorbent poly(acrylic acid) to synthesize PSAs is both energetically and environmentally favorable compared to petroleum-derived syntheses in our assessment. In Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology (John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2003). ISSN 2041-1723 (online). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-021-01437-z, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-021-01437-z. c, Bivariate choropleth map of the estimated change in e0 and e65 in 2020 based on the difference from life tables calculated for 2019 and 2020 by state. Managed the strategic partnerships with: Microsoft, Nokia, and NavTech. The resulting chain-shortened PAAP&G fragments were then dialyzed to remove excess acid, lyophilized, and then ground into a powder. We calculated the probability of surviving from age x to age x + n (npx), the probability of dying between age x and x + n (nqx) and the average person-years lived in the interval by those dying in the interval (nax): where * indicates that the measure is from the life table that does not contain COVID-19 as a cause of death. Barbosa, R. J., Souza, P. H. G. F. & Soares, S. S. D. Distribuio de Renda nos Anos 2010: uma dcada perdida para desigualdade e pobreza. In this study, we used data on reported total deaths in 2020 and in JanuaryApril 2021 to measure and compare the death toll across states. Proc. Polym. and T.A. The initially heterogeneous reaction mixture becomes a homogeneous solution over time due to the chemical change from a superabsorbent gel-like substance into the soluble, linear polymer products. and S.G. conducted the formal analysis. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. and JavaScript. The complex viscosity again dropped several orders of magnitude over 24h, at which point no further changes were observed, again suggesting that most crosslinks have been hydrolyzed (Supplementary Fig. Ventura, D. F. L., Giulio, G. M. & Rached, D. H. Lessons from the Covid-19 pandemic: sustainability is an indispensable condition of global health security. Although some cities temporarily closed some businesses in response to the unprecedented COVID-19 surge in early 2021, no financial support was provided from January to March 2021. Med. SAP GUI Scripting Security Guide. Catal. As expected, the VWs are higher with larger Mw, which is due to the increased chain entanglements. Over the last decades, the completeness of death registration has improved steadily in Brazil43, and data completeness is likely to be similar for 2019 and 2020. endobj
Res. Eng. Acrylic acid and derivatives. Life Cycle Assess. Expected Impact . 9, 407418 (2021). Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA, Marcia C. Castro,Susie Gurzenda&Sun Kim, Demography Department, Cedeplar, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil, Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA, Office of Population Research and Princeton School of Public and International Affairs, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA, You can also search for this author in Manaus, the capital of Amazonas, observed a very high attack rate after the first wave of the pandemic in 2020 (ref. To date, most diaper recycling efforts14 have focused on the cellulosic components, which can be biodegraded, incinerated to generate steam, pyrolyzed, or fermented to generate bioethanol15. Report 19: the potential impact of the COVID-19 epidemic on HIV, TB and malaria in low- and middle-income countries. J. Org. For each state and sex, we calculated the difference between the two life tables to estimate reductions in e0 and e65 due to COVID-19 (Supplementary Tables 1 and 2). 15), producing the relatively small estimates of life expectancy decline. To determine whether the base-mediated or acid-catalyzed pathway was better, the two routes were compared using a cradle-to-product life cycle assessment (LCA, Supplementary Fig. We argue that, in the case of COVID-19 in Brazil, the rebound will not happen in 2021, and the pre-pandemic trajectory of annual gains in e0 will likely slow down. Simes, C. C. S. Breve histrico do processo demogrfico. We used three approaches to assess changes in life expectancy due to COVID-19. We found that the faster the speed at which COVID-19 spread across municipalities (a lower locational Hoover Index), the larger the changes in e0 (Pearson correlation=0.724, P<0.001). Science 372, 821826 (2021). Nature Governance ). S3). To probe the role of both solvent and substrate hydrophobicity, we used two different substrates (acetic versus undecanoic acid) and solvents (ethanol versus 2-ethylhexanol). Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative, Nature Medicine (Nat Med) While catalytic depolymerization methods20 can, in principle, proceed without side-chain degradation, they have not yet been demonstrated for commercial sources of polyacrylic acid. The consequences, sadly and unacceptably, will continue to be measured in human lives lost, and the future demographic consequences might be even worse than those reported here. Acc. Esterification of polyacrylic acid using alkyl halides under basic conditions had already been reported38. Preprint at https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.26.21252554v1 (2021). Recent technologies for treatment and recycling of used disposable baby diapers. Rev. Lancet Respir. Labels above bars indicate the states with extreme (high and low) life expectancies in 2019 and 2020. Lancet Glob. We used several data sources to estimate the changes in e0 and e65 due to COVID-19 by state and sex in Brazil. Ellen MacArthur Foundation. For 2021, as the base case scenario, we calculated the number of deaths that would occur in the absence of COVID-19 (\({\,}_n^ \ast D_x\)). Process Saf. https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2019-11/documents/2017_facts_and_figures_fact_sheet_final.pdf (2019). Unfortunately, most used diapers sit in landfills without substantial biodegradation, or are incinerated. Ohara, T. et al. axL5Bv\cH L(8@#lP&djen$kqbn7GwU$Kn~`
d!B"mheQ%$HL3\0(Jqv\s. & Garca, J. M. Chemical recycling of waste plastics for new materials production. Ching, T. W. et al. 1 0 obj
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This year's call for the 2021 is open to two areas and their sub-programmes: 1. Article are supported by the National Institutes of Health (grant no. Castro, M.C., Gurzenda, S., Turra, C.M. PubMedGoogle Scholar. In contrast, when acetic acid was reacted with ethanol/water, the conversion was only 68%. & Brooks, C. L. Adaptive landscape flattening accelerates sampling of alchemical space in multisite dynamics. Moreover, the life cycle assessments, which utilized soiled diapers as the starting point, demonstrated that these open-loop recycling methods outperform the conventional routes from petroleum-derived feedstocks on nearly every metric, including for the key LCA metrics of global warming potential and cumulative energy demand. b, Bivariate choropleth map of the estimated change in life expectancy at birth in 2020 and 2021 based on the DT19 method (Supplementary Tables 5 and 11). La Commissione europea ha pubblicato i primi bandi del programma LIFE 2021-2027 per l'ambiente, il clima e l'energia. Adoption is complex, emotional, life-altering. On average, larger declines in e0 and e65 were estimated in the North regions and smaller in the South regions (Fig. Manag. Our mission was, and remains, to change the way energy is made and used in. performed all wet-lab experimental work under the guidance of A.J.M. Chang noted that most existing PSAs appear between the G and G bounds of 103 and 106 Pascals (Pa) at the aforementioned bounding frequencies, and can be grouped into the quadrants (and central region) highlighted in Fig. Without a change in coordination of pandemic response, expansion of testing and a rapid increase in vaccination, Brazil will soon become a serious threat to national and global health security42. In the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles M.C.C., S.G.K. Microwave-assisted hydrothermal decomposition of super absorbent polymers. Sonochem. M.C.C. Vital Strategies. Get the most important science stories of the day, free in your inbox. M.C.C. Numbers above. Sci. Coates, G. W. & Getzler, Y. D. Y. L. Chemical recycling to monomer for an ideal, circular polymer economy. The change in the Helmholtz free energy of esterification for these two steps (A) was found to be 0.70.1kcal/mol. Plastics and the Environment. & van der Schaar, M. Ethnic and regional variations in hospital mortality from COVID-19 in Brazil: a cross-sectional observational study. In quest of challenging role Operational excellence in specialty chemicals, pharmaceutical industry demonstrated success extremely reliable, collaborative; 16 + years associated with companies. Experienced Manager with a demonstrated history of working in the computer software industry. In both countries, the pandemic response in 2020 was disparate regionally, with lamentable national coordination3,4, resulting in a high and unequal mortality burden5,6. EUROPE FACILITY. Esterification of carboxylic acids with trialkyloxonium salts. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/jan/14/brazil-manaus-amazonas-covid-coronavirus (2021). Prod. Noymer, A. Syntheses of pressure-sensitive adhesives from petroleum feedstocks (industrial approach) compared to waste diaper-based feedstock (open-loop recycling). and N.G. Prod. Jennifer Sargent was the primary editor on this article and managed its editorial process and peer review in collaboration with the rest of the editorial team. 32, 290299 (2016). Int. Supports production requirements as needed and performs other related duties consistent with the nature of the job as directed by the Ops Leader/Plant Leader. y?UT=*b!k jV/d=ucKW|8pJ{XCz"Xb3lhUY?|4~'"nj(\9c XP9@p*;+dw. !J8Di,t1@'l:fBHM?bG)z6PRIq\QiA#J%B,yd6:$U drJH!e+Lal#fl&|5v{@V:"`as[#!S/`GoQd&~^lsv)rp. Defined and directed strategic marketing and go-to-market plans. State acronyms by region: North: AC=Acre, AP=Amap, AM=Amazonas, PA=Par, RO=Rondnia, RR=Roraima and TO=Tocantins; Northeast: AL=Alagoas, BA=Bahia, CE=Cear, MA=Maranho, PB=Paraba, PE=Pernambuco, PI=Piau, RN=Rio Grande do Norte and SE=Sergipe; Center-West: DF=Distrito Federal, GO=Gois, MT=Mato Grosso and MS=Mato Grosso do Sul; Southeast: ES=Esprito Santo, MG=Minas Gerais, RJ=Rio de Janeiro and SP=So Paulo; South: PR=Paran, RS=Rio Grande do Sul and SC=Santa Catarina. To compute the total persons-years lived for 2020, we added the monthly contributions. endobj
volume12, Articlenumber:4524 (2021) To understand why esterification is so favored, we turned to small molecule model systems (Supplementary Information pgs S17S26). %
For all intervals except ages 01, 15 and 90+, the interval length n is 5 years wide. We hypothesized that we could potentially eliminate the need to remove water because both the polymer backbone and our alcohol solvent are hydrophobic. Hayes, R. L., Armacost, K. A., Vilseck, J. Opening date: 13 July 2021 Deadline: 30 November 2021 Code: LIFE-2021-SAP-NAT-GOV Programme: LIFE - Programme for the Environment and Climate Action Go to the call Objective To contribute to the protection of nature and biodiversity by: Supporting nature and biodiversity policy and legislation compliance assurance, and/or Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA, P. Takunda Chazovachii,Michael T. Robo,E. Neil G. Marsh,Paul M. Zimmerman&Anne J. McNeil, School for Environment and Sustainability, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA, Materials Science InnovationCorporate R&D, The Procter & Gamble Co., West Chester, OH, USA, Macromolecular Science and Engineering Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA, You can also search for this author in The decline was larger for males, widening by 9.1% the femalemale gap in e0. https://www.ipea.gov.br/portal/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=37022&Itemid=448 (2020). In a previous paper, we described the spatiotemporal patterns of the spread of COVID-19 cases and deaths in Brazil18. ISPRA Istituto Superiore per la Protezione e la Ricerca Ambientale Thank you for visiting nature.com. 123, 116129 (2019). Death rates from non-COVID-19 causes in 2020 likely changed between 2019 and 2020, decreasing for some causes (for example, from reduced exposure to other infections) and increasing in others (for example, from delayed or foregone healthcare or overburdening of the healthcare system).
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